Bipolar Research Today is a free monthly online journal that collates and summarizes the latest research about Bipolar, including details on bipolar disorder, symptoms, treatment, depression, medication.

Content-specificity of dysfunctional cognitions for patients with bipolar mania versus unipolar depression: a preliminary study.

Goldberg JF, Wenze SJ, Welker TM, Steer RA, Beck AT

Bipolar Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA. jfgoldberg@yahoo.com

OBJECTIVE: Dysfunctional beliefs or cognitions are considered to be fundamental to both the phenomenology and pathogenesis of depression. However, the cognitive aspects of mania have not been as thoroughly investigated. We sought to compare the maladaptive beliefs and cognitions of 23 bipolar manic or hypomanic patients, 28 patients with unipolar major depression, and 24 normal adults. METHOD: The Cognition Checklist for Mania (CCL-M) was used to assess the beliefs. This 61-item self-report instrument is scored for seven subscales measuring (a) self-importance, (b) interpersonal grandiosity, (c) inappropriate spending, (d) excitement and risk-taking, (e) interpersonal frustrations, (f) goal-driven activity, and (g) past or future outlooks on life, and also yields a total score. RESULTS: The mean CCL-M total score of the bipolar-manic patients was significantly higher than the mean CCL-M total score of the unipolar-depressed patients, and the patients' mean CCL-M total score was also higher than that of the normal adults. The mean scores of the subscales measuring excitement and past and future memories and expectations were also significantly higher for the bipolar-manic than unipolar-depressed patients. CONCLUSIONS: Bipolar-manic patients endorse with maladaptive beliefs and cognitions that are associated with mania more than do unipolar-depressed patients and normal adults. The implications for the early identification of cognitions associated with prodromal states of mania, and for psychotherapeutic interventions, are discussed.

Published 18 January 2005 in Bipolar Disord, 7(1): 49-56.
Full-text of this article is available online (may require subscription).

© 2004-2008 Bipolar Research Today. All Rights Reserved.